The Psychoneuroimmunology of Yoga: Stress Reduction and Immune Function

Abstract

Background: Psychoneuroimmunology examines the bidirectional communication between psychological processes, the nervous system, and immune function. Chronic stress has been identified as a significant factor in immune dysregulation and disease susceptibility. Yoga, as an ancient mind-body practice, offers potential therapeutic benefits through its integrated approach to physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

Objective: To comprehensively review and synthesize current evidence regarding yoga's effects on stress-related physiological markers and immune system functioning through psychoneuroimmunological pathways.

Methods: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted examining yoga interventions and their effects on stress biomarkers, inflammatory responses, immune cell function, and neuroendocrine parameters. Studies investigating cortisol levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cellular aging markers, and autonomic nervous system function were included.

Results: Yoga practice demonstrates significant beneficial effects across multiple psychoneuroimmunological pathways. Consistent findings include reduced cortisol levels, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP), enhanced cellular immunity, and improved autonomic balance. Emerging evidence suggests yoga may influence cellular aging through telomere maintenance and reduced oxidative stress. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis shows improved regulation following yoga interventions.

Conclusions: Yoga appears to exert profound effects on the stress-immune interface through multiple interconnected mechanisms. The practice offers a promising non-pharmacological approach to modulating stress-related immune dysfunction and may contribute to healthy aging and disease prevention through psychoneuroimmunological pathways.