Evaluating the Coniferous Forest Environment of Liberia’s SAPO National Park and Its Impact on the Physiological and Psychological Outcomes of Yoga Practice Among Women

Abstract

Background:

Natural settings, particularly forests, have long been known to provide physical and psychological renewal. The sensory aspects of forest environments—natural sounds, fresh air, and visual greenery—have been revered as capable of reducing stress levels, lowering blood pressure, and improving emotional states. SAPO National Park, in southeastern Liberia, is Liberia's largest and ecologically most important protected rainforest. Although generally renowned for its biodiversity, the park also has distinctive coniferous areas that provide a peaceful environment that is suitable for mind-body disciplines like yoga. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact on women's physiological and psychological conditions of practicing yoga under this particular forest environment.

Methods:

The cross-sectional mixed-methods design with 253 women aged 19 to 57 years was used. Each received one 60-minute guided yoga session inside the coniferous forest at SAPO National Park. A standardised questionnaire was completed before and after each session. It gathered demographic information, physiological measures (self-rated heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tension, and subjective energy levels), and psychological measures (stress, mood, concentration, and nature connection). Data were collected on a five-point Likert scale, and open-ended questions yielded qualitative information. Quantitative data were assessed using paired t-tests, whereas qualitative responses were coded thematically.

Results

Post-session measurements showed significant gains: lowered stress levels (mean difference = -1.3, p < 0.01), increased mood (+1.5, p < 0.01), and slowing of heart rate. In addition, 84% of the participants assessed improved emotional connection to nature, with recurrent themes of spiritual anchoring and inner serenity.

Conclusion:

Forest yoga in SAPO National Park has quantifiable psychological benefits and moderate degrees of physiological gains, validating its potential application in interventions for women's wellness.