Sanatanodaya is a peer reviewed open access scholarly journal. The journal is dedicated to the scholarly study of all aspects of Hinduism and related religions. The Journal “Sanatanodaya” is a religion and theology disciplined journal endeavor dedicated to the scholarly study of various aspects of Hinduism and other related religion and the religious world. Special attention is paid to works dealing with Philosophy, mysticism, interfaith dialogue and culture and civilization. The journal seeks to place Hinduism and its traditions in the light of spirituality and rationality with its pragmatic and tremendous values and to encourage comprehensive consideration of in many facets: to provide a forum for the study of religions with special academic inquiry and in global context; to promote interaction among academics from multiple traditions of learning and exchange and discussion of research findings. “Sanatanodaya” will provide a vehicle to help academics, researchers, policy makers to educate, influence and share information to learn from each other’s work as well as to provide a research forum to explore new solutions to new rising problems. “Sanatanodaya” journal will accepts research paper in all languges, but research should be oriented to the study of Hinduism and Sanatan culture. The aim of this journal is to promote globally the scholarly concepts of sanatan culture.
Effects of bumblebee yoga breathing on Attention and Blood Pressure
This study investigates the physiological and cognitive effects of two variations of Bumblebee Yoga Breathing (BBYB) techniques i.e. slow and high sound humming on systolic blood pressure and attention. A sample of 20 healthy adult yoga practitioners participated in the study, undergoing BBYB sessions characterized by different sound pronunciations. Both BBYB variations led to significant reductions in systolic blood pressure, supporting previous findings (Upadhyay et al., 2023; Kuppusamy et al., 2016; Pramanik et al., 2010) that associate BBYB with improved cardiovascular function. The reduction is attributed to the vasodilatory effects of humming vibrations that promote relaxation. Additionally, improvements in attention, as indicated by increased total and net attempted scores, were observed following both slow and high sound BBYB sessions. These findings align with earlier studies (Pradhan et al., 2018) suggesting that BBYB enhances cognitive performance by reducing anxiety and increasing focus. The study underscores the potential of BBYB as a dual-purpose intervention for cardiovascular and cognitive health. However, findings are limited to experienced yoga practitioners and immediate effects.
Bumble bee with low and high sound, Attention, Blood Pressure
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Integrating Yoga and Traditional Knowledge into Higher Education: A Perspective on NEP-2020
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 of India represents a transformative approach to education, emphasizing the integration of Yoga and traditional knowledge into the higher education curriculum. This paper explores the potential benefits and implementation strategies of such integration, aiming to create a holistic and multidisciplinary educational framework. By incorporating Yoga, students can develop mental and physical well-being, enhance concentration, and foster a balanced lifestyle. Traditional knowledge systems, encompassing Ayurveda, Sanskrit, and ancient Indian sciences, provide a rich cultural heritage and promote a sustainable and ethical approach to learning. The NEP-2020 advocates for experiential and participatory learning, where these ancient practices can play a pivotal role in fostering critical thinking, innovation, and moral values. This integration aligns with global educational trends promoting wellness and indigenous knowledge, contributing to the development of globally competent and culturally rooted individuals. The paper concludes by discussing the challenges and recommendations for successful implementation, including curriculum design, faculty training, and policy support. The integration of Yoga and traditional knowledge under NEP-2020 has the potential to redefine higher education in India, bridging the gap between modern and ancient wisdom.
NEP-2020, higher education, Yoga, traditional knowledge, holistic education, Ayurveda, Sanskrit, Indian sciences, curriculum integration, educational policy
Chemical Balance of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Body During Yoga Breathing Exercises
Yoga breathing exercises (pranayama) have been practiced for millennia as a means of promoting physical and mental well-being, yet the underlying physiological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study examines the chemical balance of oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the body during various yoga breathing techniques through systematic measurement of blood gas parameters, respiratory patterns, and autonomic nervous system responses. Using a controlled experimental design with 85 participants, we measured arterial blood gases, end-tidal CO₂, oxygen saturation, and respiratory variables during four common pranayama techniques: ujjayi (victorious breath), bhramari (humming bee breath), nadi shodhana (alternate nostril breathing), and bhastrika (bellows breath). Results demonstrate that different yoga breathing techniques produce distinct patterns of gas exchange and acid-base balance. Slow, deep breathing techniques (ujjayi, nadi shodhana) led to mild hypocapnia (mean PaCO₂ decrease of 4-6 mmHg) and respiratory alkalosis, while rapid breathing techniques (bhastrika) produced more pronounced hypocapnia (mean PaCO₂ decrease of 8-12 mmHg) with maintained oxygen saturation above 97%. These findings suggest that yoga breathing exercises modulate the body's chemical balance through controlled alterations in ventilation patterns, potentially contributing to their therapeutic effects on stress, anxiety, and physiological regulation.
pranayama, respiratory physiology, blood gas analysis, hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis, yoga therapy, autonomic nervous system, acid-base balance, mindfulness
Indological Perspective of the Historical Evolution of Yoga – A Concise Study
Yoga, a multifaceted spiritual discipline, has been a cornerstone of Indian civilization for millennia. Its origins are deeply rooted in the ancient Vedic culture, and it has evolved over centuries to encompass diverse philosophical, religious, and practical dimensions. This seminar paper aims to present a concise yet comprehensive study of the historical development of yoga from an Indological perspective, incorporating the textual, philosophical, archaeological, and cultural evidence preserved in India’s intellectual traditions. The Indological approach to yoga emphasizes the systematic study of Sanskrit texts, philosophical schools, historical contexts, and cultural manifestations. The paper traces the development of yoga beginning with the Vedas and early Upanishads, progressing through the Sāṅkhya-Yoga system, Patanjali’s Yoga Sūtras, the Bhakti traditions, and the emergence of Haṭha Yoga. It also highlights the evolution of yoga as a synthesis of ascetic, metaphysical, and devotional elements, drawing from diverse sources including Buddhism, Jainism, Tantra, and later medieval texts. The contributions of scholars like Max Müller, Mircea Eliade, and indigenous savants such as Swami Vivekananda and B.K.S. Iyengar are analyzed in understanding yoga’s reception, interpretation, and transformation through colonial and postcolonial lenses. The paper also explores yoga’s modern resurgence in India and abroad, shaped by Indological research, global health movements, and cultural diplomacy. This paper concludes that yoga is not a static tradition but a dynamic, evolving practice with deep historical layers and spiritual significance. The Indological perspective provides a critical, contextual, and holistic framework to appreciate yoga as a living tradition rooted in India's civilizational ethos while resonating globally.
Indology, Yoga, Patanjali, Vedas, Haṭha Yoga, Historical Evolution, Indian Philosophy
Impact of Yoga on Indian Culture and Society – A Brief Study
Yoga, one of India's most profound contributions to world heritage, has played a significant role in shaping Indian culture and society since ancient times. Rooted in the Vedas and Upanishads, and systematized by Patanjali's Yoga Sūtras, yoga has evolved as a multidimensional discipline encompassing physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions. This seminar paper explores the historical evolution of yoga, its role in molding Indian philosophical and spiritual thought, and its influence on everyday cultural practices. The paper also studies yoga's social impact across various epochs — from its association with asceticism and monastic traditions to its resurgence as a modern wellness practice. Yoga has helped promote holistic health, ethical living, and inner discipline, fostering harmony between the individual and society. Culturally, yoga has influenced Indian art, literature, dance, and religious rituals. Its ethical guidelines — such as yama and niyama — have laid the foundation for moral behavior in personal and communal life. In modern India, yoga has emerged as a tool for national integration, global diplomacy (especially through the International Day of Yoga), and social reform. It is widely integrated into education, healthcare, and stress management programs. The popularization of yoga by sages like Swami Vivekananda, Maharshi Mahesh Yogi, and modern gurus like B.K.S. Iyengar and Sadhguru has further extended its reach. This paper critically assesses yoga’s transformation from an ascetic discipline to a global cultural asset. It concludes that yoga continues to shape Indian society through its philosophy of balance, inclusivity, and self-realization. With growing recognition worldwide, yoga is not only a spiritual practice but a bridge between India's ancient wisdom and contemporary society.
Yoga, Indian culture, society, wellness, spiritual heritage
Integration of Yoga with Ayurveda and Traditional Medicine – A Concise Study
The integration of Yoga with Ayurveda and Traditional Medicine represents a transformative approach to healthcare that emphasizes preventive, holistic, and individualized treatment. Both Yoga and Ayurveda, rooted in ancient Indian philosophy, are comprehensive systems designed to harmonize the body, mind, and spirit. Yoga, through physical postures (āsanas), breath control (prāṇāyāma), and meditation (dhyāna), promotes mental clarity and physical flexibility, while Ayurveda offers a personalized system of diagnosis and therapy, grounded in the theory of tridoṣa—Vāta, Pitta, and Kapha. Traditional Medicine, encompassing diverse cultural practices such as Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani, Siddha, and Tibetan medicine, often shares similar philosophies of balance and natural healing. This paper explores the theoretical foundation of Yoga and Ayurveda, their synergies, and their integration with other traditional systems. It discusses how this integration addresses chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, anxiety, and arthritis, providing effective, low-cost, and sustainable alternatives. Furthermore, the paper examines the global recognition of integrative practices, highlighting efforts by the Indian AYUSH Ministry and the World Health Organization (WHO) to standardize and promote such approaches. Clinical evidence supports the integrated use of Yoga and Ayurveda in improving physical health, mental well-being, and quality of life. However, the path to global integration is not without challenges, including the need for more evidence-based studies, public awareness, professional training, and regulatory harmonization. By fostering dialogue between traditional and modern medical systems, this integrated model offers a powerful framework for a balanced and inclusive healthcare future. The paper concludes with suggestions for policy reform, research development, and global collaboration aimed at legitimizing and expanding the reach of integrative health systems worldwide.
Yoga, Ayurveda, Traditional Medicine, Integrative Health, Holistic Wellness
Yoga in Sanskrit Literature: A Comprehensive Survey
Yoga—etymologically derived from the Sanskrit verbal root yuj (“to yoke,” “to unite”)—is simultaneously a spiritual discipline, a philosophical system, and a cultural idiom. Sanskrit literature, spanning more than three millennia, preserves the multilayered evolution of yogic thought, praxis, and symbolism. This seminar paper traces that evolution from the earliest Vedic hymns to modern Sanskrit compositions, demonstrating how the lexicon, metaphors, and doctrines of Yoga have both shaped and been shaped by India’s literary imagination. The study proceeds diachronically through six interconnected strata: (1) the proto‑yogic imagery of the Ṛg‑ and Atharva‑Vedas, where tapas, sādhana, and disciplined breath herald later techniques; (2) the classical Upaniṣads, which crystalize an interiorized “yoga of knowledge” (jñāna‑yoga) and a contemplative “yoga of silence” (śama); (3) the epic synthesis found in the Mahābhārata—culminating in the Bhagavad‑Gītā’s triune paths of karma, bhakti, and jñāna‑yoga—and in the Rāmāyaṇa’s portrayal of yogic asceticism; (4) the systematization of practice in Patañjali’s Yoga‑sūtra and its medieval commentaries, which codify the eight‑limbed (aṣṭāṅga) discipline; (5) the expansion, democratization, and ritual infusion of Yoga in Tantric and Haṭha texts such as the Haṭhapradīpikā and Gorakṣa‑śataka; and (6) the literary, devotional, and didactic uses of yogic tropes in kāvya, nīti, and contemporary Sanskrit drama and poetry. Across these strata, Sanskrit authors deploy Yoga as cosmology, soteriology, medical science, allegory, and even political ethics. The paper highlights lesser‑studied sources—the Śivayoga‑praṇāmā, Bhartṛhari’s Śatakatraya, the Laghu‑yoga‑vāsiṣṭha, and modern Sanskrit plays—to show that Yoga is not a static doctrine but a living, intertextual conversation. Methodologically, the survey combines philological close reading with intellectual‑historical contextualization, demonstrating that Yoga’s multiple textual faces—from austere renunciation to embodied practice—mirror the pluralism of Sanskrit literature itself. Ultimately, the paper argues that understanding Yoga through its literary lineage enriches both Indological scholarship and the contemporary global reception of yogic traditions.
Yoga, Sanskrit literature, Patañjali, Bhagavad Gītā, Haṭha yoga
Yoga, Wellness, and the Global Market: Tracing the Welfare Economy through Tourism
Yoga and wellness tourism has become a major global trend, changing how people seek health and personal growth through travel, especially in places with developing economies. This type of tourism isn't just about cultural or spiritual experiences; it's also a growing industry that impacts social well-being and development, particularly where government welfare programs are scarce. Yoga, originally an ancient Indian practice, has transformed into a worldwide commodity, with retreats and travel packages turning it into a lifestyle product. Popular destinations like India, Bali, and Costa Rica are now hubs for this tourism, boosting local economies by creating jobs and small businesses, often filling gaps in public services. Essentially, yoga tourism is creating informal "welfare markets" where health and well-being services are provided outside traditional government systems. While this can be beneficial, promoting sustainability and health services, it's driven by market interests and can lead to inequalities in access and affordability. This research looks at how value is created and shared in the yoga tourism economy, using case studies to examine the relationships between travellers, local businesses, and governments. The findings show that while yoga tourism can offer social support and economic opportunities, it also brings up ethical concerns about commercialization and cultural appropriation. Ultimately, this industry sits at the unique intersection of global business and personal well-being, reflecting both the commercialization of health and innovative ways communities are addressing welfare needs in a changing world.
Yoga Tourism, Wellness Economy, Welfare Markets, Spiritual Tourism, and Global Wellness Industry
The Importance and Current Relevance of Controlling the Mind Through Patanjali’s Yoga Shastra
The ancient teachings of Patanjali’s Yoga Shastra, particularly the second sutra, Yogaścittavṛtti̍niro̱dhaḥ (Yoga Sutra: 1.2.) (Yoga is the calming of the mind’s chatter), offer timeless wisdom for achieving mental peace and self-awareness. This seminar paper explores the importance of controlling the mind through yoga in today’s fast-paced, stress-filled world. this paper highlights how practices like asanas, pranayama, and meditation help quiet the mind and foster clarity. In modern times, where anxiety, distractions, and mental health challenges are common, Patanjali’s teachings remain highly relevant, offering practical tools to manage stress, improve focus, and find inner balance. The paper discusses the scientific backing of yoga’s benefits, its role in daily life, and its growing global popularity. By embracing these practices, individuals can achieve mental resilience and a deeper connection with themselves, making Patanjali’s Yoga Shastra a valuable guide for personal growth and well-being in the 21st century.
Patanjali’s Yoga Shastra, Mind Control, Yogaścittavṛtti̍niro̱dhaḥ, Mental Wellbeing, Self-Realization, Modern Relevance.
Yoga as a Path of Spiritual Transformation and Self-Realization: A Concise Study
Yoga, an ancient Indian discipline, is not merely a set of physical exercises but a profound spiritual path that guides individuals towards inner awakening, self-discipline, and ultimate liberation. Rooted in the Vedic and Upanishadic traditions and systematized by Sage Patañjali in the Yoga Sūtras, yoga serves as a practical methodology for transforming human consciousness. This seminar paper explores yoga's multifaceted role in spiritual evolution and self-realization through classical texts, philosophical interpretation, and contemporary relevance. The paper examines the eightfold path (Aṣṭāṅga Yoga) laid out by Patañjali, emphasizing ethical conduct (yama, niyama), physical and mental discipline (āsana, prāṇāyāma), inward focus (pratyāhāra), and meditative absorption (dhāraṇā, dhyāna, samādhi). By analyzing these stages, the study highlights how yoga systematically purifies the body and mind, dissolves egoic tendencies, and leads to the realization of the true Self (Ātman). Furthermore, it investigates the teachings of the Bhagavad Gītā, which integrates Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Jñāna Yoga as alternative yet converging paths to spiritual emancipation. The role of devotion, service, and knowledge in transforming human identity and attaining unity with the divine (Brahman) is critically analyzed. The relevance of yoga in today’s world is also explored, especially as a tool for stress management, emotional healing, and holistic well-being. Drawing on insights from modern spiritual teachers and scientific research, the paper concludes that yoga remains a timeless and universal path toward harmony, inner peace, and ultimate liberation.
Yoga, Self-Realization, Spiritual Transformation, Aṣṭāṅga Yoga
Policy Gaps in Promoting Wellness Tourism in India: An Economic Perspective
This research paper meticulously examines the policy landscape surrounding wellness tourism in India, focusing on identifying and analyzing existing gaps from an economic perspective. Employing a data-based analytical approach, drawing from market reports, policy documents, and academic literature, the study aims to elucidate how current policy shortcomings impede the full economic realization of India's significant potential in this burgeoning sector. Key findings reveal critical deficiencies in regulatory frameworks, infrastructure development, skill enhancement, and targeted marketing, which collectively hinder the sector's growth and its contribution to the national economy. The analysis underscores the substantial economic premium offered by wellness tourism, with international wellness tourists spending considerably more per trip than average tourists. Recommendations are proposed to bridge these policy gaps, advocating for a more nuanced, segment-specific, and strategically aligned approach to unlock India's capacity as a leading global wellness destination.
substantial economic, wellness, tourists, skill enhancement
Evaluating the Coniferous Forest Environment of Liberia’s SAPO National Park and Its Impact on the Physiological and Psychological Outcomes of Yoga Practice Among Women
Background: Natural settings, particularly forests, have long been known to provide physical and psychological renewal. The sensory aspects of forest environments—natural sounds, fresh air, and visual greenery—have been revered as capable of reducing stress levels, lowering blood pressure, and improving emotional states. SAPO National Park, in southeastern Liberia, is Liberia's largest and ecologically most important protected rainforest. Although generally renowned for its biodiversity, the park also has distinctive coniferous areas that provide a peaceful environment that is suitable for mind-body disciplines like yoga. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact on women's physiological and psychological conditions of practicing yoga under this particular forest environment. Methods: The cross-sectional mixed-methods design with 253 women aged 19 to 57 years was used. Each received one 60-minute guided yoga session inside the coniferous forest at SAPO National Park. A standardised questionnaire was completed before and after each session. It gathered demographic information, physiological measures (self-rated heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tension, and subjective energy levels), and psychological measures (stress, mood, concentration, and nature connection). Data were collected on a five-point Likert scale, and open-ended questions yielded qualitative information. Quantitative data were assessed using paired t-tests, whereas qualitative responses were coded thematically. Results Post-session measurements showed significant gains: lowered stress levels (mean difference = -1.3, p < 0.01), increased mood (+1.5, p < 0.01), and slowing of heart rate. In addition, 84% of the participants assessed improved emotional connection to nature, with recurrent themes of spiritual anchoring and inner serenity. Conclusion: Forest yoga in SAPO National Park has quantifiable psychological benefits and moderate degrees of physiological gains, validating its potential application in interventions for women's wellness.
Forest yoga, women’s wellness, psychological benefits, physiological effects, nature therapy
Role of Yoga for Management of Stress: A Concise Study
In the contemporary era marked by relentless pace and increasing psychological burdens, stress has become an omnipresent aspect of human life, affecting individuals across age groups and professions. The need for an effective, holistic, and sustainable approach to manage stress has led to a renewed interest in traditional practices such as Yoga. Originating from ancient Indian philosophy, Yoga encompasses a wide spectrum of physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines that harmonize the body, mind, and spirit. This paper explores the role of Yoga in managing stress through a concise yet comprehensive examination. It investigates how various yogic practices—such as āsanas (postures), prāṇāyāma (breath control), dhyāna (meditation), and ethical precepts—contribute to reducing physical and mental tension, promoting relaxation, and enhancing emotional stability. The neurobiological and psychological mechanisms by which Yoga impacts the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, reduces cortisol levels, and activates the parasympathetic nervous system are discussed, establishing a scientific grounding for its efficacy. Furthermore, the study reviews empirical research and clinical trials highlighting the positive outcomes of Yoga interventions in reducing stress, anxiety, depression, and related psychosomatic disorders. Special attention is given to Yoga’s adaptability for various populations, including students, working professionals, the elderly, and individuals with chronic health conditions. By integrating traditional wisdom with modern scientific insights, the paper concludes that Yoga serves as a powerful, non-pharmacological strategy for stress management, fostering resilience, emotional regulation, and inner peace. It recommends the incorporation of Yoga into educational, workplace, and healthcare settings as a preventive and therapeutic tool. The paper also calls for more interdisciplinary research to explore its long-term benefits and integration with other therapeutic models.
Yoga, Stress Management, Prāṇāyāma, Meditation, Mental Health
A Yogic Reading of Lootera: Tracing Patanjali’s Philosophy of Ashtanga Yoga in the Cinematic Retelling of The Last Leaf
Yoga is a philosophy embedded in the storytelling traditions of Indian culture, where the yogic state is not merely physical discipline but a metaphysical union of energies. It is rooted in the figure of Shiva, a symbol of stillness and awareness in Hindu traditions. Yoga as a practice is incomplete without the awakening of Shakti, the dynamic feminine force. This balance is echoed in devotional literature dedicated to feminine energy, which highlights that spiritual realization is unattainable without the presence of Shakti. As expressed in the Durga Chalisa "जोगी सुर मुनि कहत पुकारी । योग न हो बिन शक्ति तुम्हारी॥" (Great yogis, gods, and sages all proclaim that Yoga, spiritual union is not possible without the Goddess’s energy.) This verse reinforces the philosophical ideas of Yoga, particularly the unity of Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (energy), which has long been a part of Indian storytelling traditions and continues to resonate in modern narratives such as cinema, as reflected in the cross-cultural adaptation of O’Henry’s The Last Leaf into the Indian film Lootera (2013). Lootera integrates the philosophical lens of Yoga, which emphasizes Darshana (perception of truth), Dharma (righteous living), and Moksha (liberation), to present a narrative of spiritual transformation and self-realization. The paper reimagines the narrative through Patanjali’s philosophy of Ashtanga Yoga, exploring how the eightfold path manifests subtly within the film’s emotional and spiritual arc. The protagonists’ evolving relationship becomes a metaphor for the Yogic journey, where love serves as a transformative force, guiding both characters toward inner awakening, self-realization, and liberation, leading to freedom that comes from dissolving the difference between masculine and feminine and becoming one. Drawing from Sri Aurobindo’s concept of the psychic being, Lootera reinterprets universal themes of hope, suffering, and compassion as part of an inward journey toward higher consciousness, resonating with S. Radhakrishnan’s understanding of Indian philosophy as a spiritual culture rooted in the unity of existence.
Yoga Philosophy, Psychic Being, Self-realization, Moksha (Liberation), Redemptive Love, Indian Storytelling Tradition
Yoga : A Journey to Balance and Harmony Through Buddhist and Patanjali Lenses
Yoga, an ancient practice originating in India, has been a timeless pursuit of balance and harmony in human life. Throughout history, yoga has evolved, adapting to various cultural and societal needs. Its holistic approach integrates physical postures (asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama), and meditation to promote physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Yoga enhances flexibility, strength, and coordination. Yoga reduces stress, anxiety, and promotes mental clarity. Yoga fosters self-awareness, self-acceptance, and inner peace. Yoga's origins date back to ancient Indian philosophies. Yoga's benefits are relevant in contemporary times, addressing modern lifestyle challenges. Yoga offers a profound approach to achieving balance and harmony in human life. By incorporating yoga into daily life, individuals can experience transformative benefits, leading to a more peaceful, centered, and fulfilling existence. As a timeless practice, yoga continues to inspire and nurture individuals, promoting overall well-being and inner harmony. Its universal appeal and adaptability make yoga a valuable tool for personal growth and self-discovery, transcending cultural and geographical boundaries.The article, highlighting yoga's benefits and its role in promoting overall well-being and inner harmony.
Yoga, Self-awareness, Balance, Harmony, Well-being, Meditation
The Healing Rhythm of the Tide: Exploring the Synergy Between Oceanic Waves and Yoga for Mental and Physical Wellness in Coastal Liberia
Background: The cross-fertilization of natural environment with wellness has emerged as proven to influence mental and physical health. The chanting roar and salt air of tidal waves along Liberia’s Atlantic coast provides a one-of-a-kind chance to integrate marine life into yoga practice. This article examines the ways in which offering yoga classes on the shoreline is thought to contribute to participants’ well-being. Objective: Assess the feasibility of yoga being performed in the coastal setting and impact on relaxation in mind, physical health and community acceptability of coastal dwellers in Liberia. Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory study based on a self-administered structured Likert-scale questionnaire was used to poll at least 30 adults in selected districts of Atlantic communities in Liberia. The survey asked about demographics, attitudes toward the coast, experiences of doing yoga by the sea and willingness to engage in such therapeutics. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and open-ended comments were coded thematically. Findings Results: Of the 30 responders, most people agreed that ocean sound improved feelings of calm and mental clarity (83%); 77% agreed they were more relaxed and breathed better during ocean yoga. Around 70% of them were interested in taking part in coastal ypga courses on a regular basis. Time limitations and lack of interest were reported as the main obstacles to participation. Conclusion: Early evidence suggests coastal yoga may be an effective, low-cost, community-appropriate intervention for mental and physical well-being in Liberia. With the additional use of yoga as a community wellness and tourism-based intervention, the fusion of the sanctifying elements of nature – ebb and flow sea level rise offers multiple synergies.
Coastal wellness, tidal waves, mental health, community-based intervention, ocean therapy
Juvenile Delinquency Of Youth And Role Of Yoga As A Remedial Measure
This study explores the effectiveness of yogic practices in removing delinquent problem of youth. The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yoga to remove delinquent problem among the youth. In the present study the researcher want to observe the effect of yoga on the delinquent problem of the Adolescence. Adolescent are the future of our country. It also a complex and multifaceted period of development and understanding. It begins to feel isolated from society. This negligence leads to antisocial behavior. The necessity is to change negative perception among youth. Youth engaging in criminal activities due to various underlying factors such as family dynamics, socio-economic challenges, peer influence, and exposure to violence, etc. Juvenile delinquency also a significant social issue. It encompasses a range of behaviors by minor that violate laws or social norms. This problem can lead to social isolation, educational consequences and psychological harm for the individual involved. Therefore a researcher must make a study on this crucial topic. Despite a recent decline in juvenile crime rates, the need for effective prevention and rehabilitation strategies persists till date. In the context of this problem, Yoga acts as a preventive medicine. This paper explores the potential of yogic practices, as a holistic development to address juvenile delinquency. Yoga with its structured Astanga Yoga, offers a framework for cultivating self- discipline, emotional regulation and ethical behavior in adolescent. It plays transformative roles in mitigating delinquent behaviours. Thus, discusses how Yoga can support juveniles in overcoming their dangerous nature and empowering them to make positive behavioural changes and reintegrate into society.
Juvenile delinquency, Adolescence, Antisocial behavior and Astanga Yoga
Yoga is the Real Outline of Self-Realization
Yoga is much more beneficial than physical exercise. It is a comprehensive spiritual science. It helps the practitioner to undergo deep inner transformation. At the same time, it tries to lead to the ultimate realization of the true self. Through this research paper, the path of self-realization of yoga has been explored from classical texts like Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads and modern interpretations like Yogananda, Akhand Yoga, Jana Yoga. The basic principles of the rules like asana, pranayama, varta, kontakta, meditation follow the eight limbs. Samadhi becomes yoga when a person helps to overcome the restless mind. It dissolves the patterns like cittavriti, klesha. As a man, it helps to feel oneness with the universal consciousness at all times. Knowledge as knowledge, action as selfless action need to be understood. In fact, yoga increases inner stability, mental resilience, higher self-awareness. Yogananda's Kriya Yoga's pranayama and meditation techniques show the possibility of accelerated spiritual awakening.
Yoga, Eight Limbs, Practical Roadmap, Self-Realization
Philosophical Dimensions of Yoga: Darshana, Dharma, and Moksha
Yoga, as a holistic discipline rooted in the Indian philosophical tradition, represents a profound synthesis of metaphysics, ethics, and spirituality. This paper delves into the deeper philosophical dimensions of Yoga by examining its integral connection with Darshana (philosophical systems and worldview), Dharma (righteous conduct and moral law), and Moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death). Drawing from foundational texts such as the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the Bhagavad Gita, and various Upanishadic teachings, this study underscores how Yoga emerges not merely as a system of physical and mental discipline but as a comprehensive path to transcendence. The paper first situates Yoga within the broader context of Indian Darshanas, especially Sankhya, Vedanta, and Nyaya, showing how philosophical inquiry and spiritual practice are intertwined. It then explores the ethical foundation of Yogic practice through the concepts of Yamas and Niyamas, which align with the notion of Dharma in both individual and universal contexts. Finally, the paper focuses on the ultimate aim of Yoga—Moksha—an inner awakening and freedom from Avidya (ignorance) and Karma, culminating in the realization of the Self (Atman) and union with the Absolute (Brahman). Through this philosophical lens, the study demonstrates that Yoga is an existential and ethical journey, where discipline, wisdom, and devotion converge toward inner transformation and spiritual liberation. It invites a renewed understanding of Yoga as a living philosophy that continues to guide seekers toward balance, clarity, and freedom in both ancient and contemporary contexts.
Yoga Philosophy, Darshana, Dharma, Moksha, Patanjali, Bhagavad Gita, Indian Philosophy, Sankhya, Vedanta, Self-realization, Spiritual Liberation, Ethical Dimensions of Yoga.
Role and Importance of Yoga during Pregnancy
Yoga in pregnancy is intended to create a balance between emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual dimensions. Pregnancy is a special time in any woman’s life and can be one of the most joyful experiences. A golden rule to keep in mind when practicing yoga during pregnancy is to listen to your body and stop immediately if you experience any discomfort. Yoga is not just about twisting and turning the body, when done correctly it can be extremely beneficial especially during pregnancy. prenatal yoga can benefit both mother and child. Prenatal yoga focuses on breathing techniques and gentle stretching. Prenatal yoga is about helping mother prepare for childbirth by relaxing the body and focusing on safe techniques and poses in all stages of pregnancy. The challenges of pregnancy are revealed by the state of happiness and stress while yoga is a skill to calm down the mind. Pregnancy in a woman is a condition in which woman changes both from inside as well as outside. These changes create obstacles or hurdles in the normal life of a pregnant woman and yoga in pregnancy can help the women to cruise through these changes and challenges. It focuses on gentle stretches, breathing exercises, and relaxation techniques that are safe and beneficial during pregnancy. Unlike regular yoga, prenatal yoga avoids intense poses and focuses on movements that improve flexibility, strength, and balance, while also easing common pregnancy discomforts like back pain and swelling. Beyond the physical benefits, prenatal yoga, Dhyan and Mudra’s helps moms-to-be stay emotionally balanced and calm, preparing both body and mind for labour and delivery. All these things provide holistic health benefits for to-be-mothers. Yoga during pregnancy helps keep the body supple. They relieve tension around the cervix by opening up the pelvic region. This prepares to-be-mothers for labour and delivery. Yoga, Dhyan and Mudra’s helps in pregnancy alleviate the effect of common symptoms such as morning sickness, painful leg cramps, swollen ankles, and constipation. Yoga asanas, Dhyan and Mudra’s are also help pregnant women recover faster post-delivery.
YOGA AS A PATH OF SPIRITUAL ADVANCEMENT AND SELF REALIZATION
What is the supreme goal of human existence? It is here that yoga occupies a unique position and gives a categorical answer to this vital question. Yoga not only gives an integrating ideal but also provides techniques for attaining the goal of self-realization. Yoga-psychology is the nucleus of Indian psychology as a whole. Yoga is so very practical that can be lived every moment in life. Yoga is neither a sect nor a religion nor merely an abstract philosophy. If philosophy is the vision of truth, then yoga is its practical side making for its realization. To many it signifies some deep breathing exercises or bodily postures. But yoga is not so much a mode of physical exercises. In fact a man without limbs can practice yoga. Yoga is not only a view of life but also a way of life. Being a yogi he has to be transformed and renewed in life and mind. Yoga is a unique synthesis in which physical culture, spiritual discipline, ethics and psychology are harmoniously integrated into one. Thus, rightly conceived and correctly interpreted, yoga is the art of healthy living- physically, mentally, ethically, and spiritually. Yogasiddhi is the gospel of perfect life. There are three motives which impel a man to the practice of yoga: Desire to escape from the burden of life Desire for psychic power. Search for one’s reality. Search for reality or self-exploration is the only satisfactory motive for pursuit of yoga. Meditation has been the spiritual discipline of yogis in India since ancient times. The practice of meditation constitutes the very core of spiritual life and it is often referred to as ‘dhyanayoga’. In this connection Swami Akhilananda states: ‘Apart from its religious value, the practice of meditation has a tremendous influence in building up the total personality of man.’
Yoga, self-realization, personality, meditation
The word “Yoga” is generally known as an ancient Hindu practice based on physical exercise and breath control. However, the main purpose of yoga was the path of self-knowledge and liberation, which is not limited to Patanjali’s yoga Sūtras. This paper analyzes how the Buddha, through his teachings and practice interpreted the deeper meaning of yoga from a new perspective and showed a new direction on the path of spiritual liberation. The buddha emphasized not the external form of yoga, but its inner purpose—purity of thought, restraint, and wisdom. According to his teachings, the three pillars of śila, samādhi and prajñā—are the basis of true yoga practice. He presented not unity with the soul or encounter with Brahman, but the cessation of suffering, or Nirvāna, as the ultimate goal. This paper shows, in the light of Pāli texts such as Dhammapada, and other Nikāya literature, that Buddha’s yoga was a path for transformation of consciousness and development insight. The Middle way he presented is a yogic perspective that balances extreme pleasure and extreme austerity. Therefore, it can be said that Buddha did not reject Yoga, but rather captured its essence and transformed it into a new spiritual perspective, the main purpose of which was liberation from suffering.
The Role of Bhakti Yoga in the Journey Towards Self-Realization
Bhakti Yoga, known as the path of loving devotion, serves as a profound vehicle for spiritual transformation and inner awakening. In the ancient wisdom of Indian scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavata Purana, and Narada Bhakti Sutras, this yogic discipline emphasizes heartfelt surrender, divine remembrance, and selfless service. More than an emotional outlet, Bhakti Yoga is a structured practice that harmonizes the emotions and intellect, gradually dissolving the ego and leading the practitioner toward self-realization. This paper explores how Bhakti Yoga acts as both a spiritual and psychological discipline, using insights from classical texts and modern thought to illuminate its role in uniting the individual soul with the Supreme.
Bhakti Yoga, self-realization, devotion, Bhagavad Gita
Yoga in the Global Wellness Industry: Challenges and Opportunities
Yoga has become a major component of the global wellness industry, embraced for its physical, mental, and emotional benefits. Its rise in popularity across fitness studios, health apps, tourism, and therapeutic programs reflects a growing demand for holistic well-being. From urban gyms in New York to retreats in Bali and virtual classes accessible worldwide, yoga is now practiced by millions, cutting across age, gender, and cultural boundaries. This widespread appeal is often driven by lifestyle trends emphasizing mindfulness, stress relief, and preventive health. However, this expansion also raises concerns about the commercialization and dilution of yoga’s traditional roots. Market-driven adaptations frequently prioritize aesthetics and physical outcomes over deeper philosophical teachings, leading to a fragmented understanding of yoga’s true purpose. The central challenge lies in maintaining authenticity while adapting to a global market. Questions arise about who owns yoga, how it should be represented, and what constitutes a responsible practice. This study explores the tension between cultural integrity and commercial appeal by analyzing yoga’s evolving role in wellness spaces. Using a qualitative approach that includes literature review, case studies, and market data, the research investigates how yoga is practiced, taught, and branded worldwide. Attention is given to the narratives constructed around yoga in popular media, the role of certification bodies, and the influence of digital platforms in shaping contemporary perceptions. Key findings reveal challenges such as cultural appropriation, lack of regulation, and the dominance of physical postures over spiritual practice. Instructors with limited understanding of yogic philosophy often contribute to a superficial portrayal, which may alienate or mislead practitioners seeking deeper engagement. At the same time, the study identifies opportunities for ethical innovation, inclusive teaching models, and integration into global healthcare. Emerging collaborations between yoga professionals and medical practitioners offer promising directions for evidence-based interventions in areas such as mental health, chronic illness, and rehabilitation.
Yoga, Wellness Industry, Commercialization, Cultural Appropriation, Global Health, Spirituality, Mind-Body Practice
Śrīmadbhagavadgītā in Sanskrit: Yogic Teachings on Dharma and Liberation
This paper explores the yogic teachings of the Śrīmadbhagavadgītā through a close examination of its original Sanskrit verses, focusing on the central philosophical concepts of dharma (righteous duty), yoga (disciplined path), and mokṣa (liberation). It aims to illuminate how the Śrīmadbhagavadgītā presents an integrative vision of yoga that transcends doctrinal boundaries by harmonizing action (karma yoga), devotion (bhakti yoga), and knowledge (jñāna yoga). The Śrīmadbhagavadgītā, a seminal Sanskrit scripture within the Mahābhārata, represents a cornerstone of Indian philosophical thought and yogic practice. Employing a textual and philosophical methodology, the study draws directly from key Sanskrit ślokas to analyze the ethical and spiritual frameworks embedded in the dialogue between Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. Through this analysis, the paper demonstrates that the Śrīmadbhagavadgītā does not promote a singular path but advocates a dynamic synthesis of yogic disciplines as a means to attain inner freedom and spiritual realization. The findings highlight the Śrīmadbhagavadgītā’s relevance not only as a classical spiritual text but also as a living philosophy that continues to guide contemporary yogic practice and Indic thought. By returning to the Sanskrit source material, this study reinforces the importance of scriptural authenticity in interpreting yogic principles and offers a nuanced understanding of how ancient teachings can inform modern quests for purpose, balance, and liberation.
Śrīmadbhagavadgītā, Sanskrit, Yoga, Dharma, Mokṣa, Liberation, Karma Yoga, Jñāna Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Indian Philosophy, Ātma, Vidyā , Aṣṭāṅga Yoga.
The Concept of Liberation in Yoga Philosophy
Yoga is a way to unite the self with God. The word yoga appears in many sacred Indian scriptures, including both śruti (revealed texts) and smṛti (remembered texts). In particular, yoga is explained in Indian philosophy, especially in the Yogasūtras written by the great sage Patañjali. In his teachings, Patañjali places great importance on devotion to God, known as Īśvara-bhakti. He claims that only via sincere and persistent dedication can yogis obtain a state of eternal enjoyment, free of all pains and illness, collectively referred to as kleśa. Patañjali outlines a disciplined path that yogis must follow, known as Aṣṭāṅgayoga, or the eightfold path of yoga. This system emphasizes devotion to God, where the sacred sound om is chanted as a symbol of the divine, representing God in the form of nirguṇa Brahman, or the formless aspect of the Supreme. This path is called rāja yoga, the royal path of meditation and inner realization. Rāja yoga is divided into two parts. The first is the external or indirect path, which includes practices like moral conduct, personal discipline, physical postures, breath control, and withdrawal of the senses. These prepare the body and mind for deeper spiritual work. The second part is the internal or direct path, which includes concentration, meditation, and ultimate absorption into spiritual consciousness. These inner practices help the yogi move inward toward union with the Divine.
God, spiritual, yoga, aṣṭāṅgayoga, kaivalya
The Alchemy Of Will: Nietzsche’s Kraft-Quelle And The Tantric Tapasya Of Sublimated Energy
This research paper embarks on a profound comparative exploration of Friedrich Nietzsche’s concept of Kraft-Quelle—the “source of strength”—and the Tantric discipline of tapasya, or the conscious sublimation of energy, as articulated in foundational yogic texts. Through a hermeneutic and comparative philosophical approach, the study reveals how both Nietzschean and Tantric traditions envision the will as an alchemical force that transmutes primal energies into higher states of consciousness and being. By closely analyzing Nietzsche’s major works alongside the Vedas, Upanishads, and Tantric scriptures, the paper demonstrates that both traditions reject passive renunciation and repression. Instead, they advocate for a dynamic, disciplined engagement with the body, mind, and world as essential to spiritual growth. The investigation highlights Yoga not merely as a set of physical or meditative practices, but as a transformative path—a science of self-realization where suffering, desire, and limitation are refined through will and discipline into spiritual radiance and freedom. Nietzsche’s vision of self-overcoming and the Tantric ideal of awakening through tapasya converge on the principle that true transformation arises from conscious participation in the alchemy of one’s own energies. This synthesis offers a fresh perspective on Yoga as a universal path of spiritual transformation, bridging tradition and modernity, East and West. Ultimately, the study argues that the convergence of Nietzsche’s Kraft-Quelle and Tantric tapasya provides a powerful model for understanding Yoga as a journey toward self-realization, creative evolution, and the cultivation of human potential in the contemporary world.
Nietzsche, Kraft-Quelle, Tapasya, Yoga, Tantra, Will to Power, Energy Transformation, Self-Realization, Spiritual Transformation, Sublimation, Vedas, Upanishads, Alchemy of Will, Comparative Philosophy
An Analysis of the Ethical Foundation of Yama and Niyama of Astanga Yoga
The Yamas and Niyamas provide an extremely relevant ethical framework in the context of contemporary life, where stress, distraction, and moral ambiguity are commonplace. They offer guidance for leading a dignified and conscious life, assist re-establish equilibrium, and inspire a sense of purpose. In the end, they serve as a reminder that yoga is a way of life based on ethical conduct and spiritual insight rather than only a physical activity. Adopting these values enables people to live more truthfully, promoting both individual and collective freedom.The cornerstone of a person's spiritual and moral development is the ethical basis of Yama and Niyama, the first two limbs of Ashtanga Yoga as described by Maharishi Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras. The growth of virtues required for advanced yogic practices, inner discipline, and harmonious living are all facilitated by these principles. The five yamas—Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (continence), and Aparigraha (non-possessiveness)—are the universal moral precepts or social ethics. They stand for pledges to maintain social peace and behave morally in interactions with others.In contrast, niyamas are private observances that encourage self-control and inner purity. Santosha (contentment), Tapas (asceticism), Svadhyaya (self-study), Shaucha (cleanliness), and Ishvara pranidhana (surrender to the divine) are a few of these. Yama and Niyama collaborate to produce a thorough ethical framework that strikes a balance between social responsibility and personal growth.Within the larger framework of Ashtanga Yoga, these moral practices serve as the foundation for more profound spiritual and meditational activities rather than just being preludes. Advancement in higher limbs such as Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi becomes erratic or surface-level if these rules are not followed. This ethical foundation guarantees that honesty, empathy, and purposefulness serve as the practitioner's compass. Furthermore, despite cultural and religious differences, these lessons are still applicable today. The tenets of Yama and Niyama are eternal instruments for social harmony and personal growth because they can promote ethical consciousness, mental health, and holistic well-being in the present era.
Yama, Niyama, Astanga Yoga, self-realization, liberation, inner peace, bliss
Community Yoga and Public Health: Applications and Impact in Punjab, India
Background: Punjab is facing a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including hypertension, obesity, and psychological stress. Yoga—a traditional, holistic practice—has gained international recognition for promoting physical and mental well-being. This study investigates the impact of a 12-week community-based yoga intervention on adult health outcomes in urban and rural populations of Punjab, India. Objectives: To assess the effects of structured yoga sessions on cardiovascular indicators (blood pressure, BMI), perceived stress, and psychological well-being among adults across five districts of Punjab. Methods: A total of 300 adults aged 20–60 years were recruited from both urban (n = 180) and rural (n = 120) communities. Participants engaged in thrice-weekly sessions led by certified instructors, incorporating asanas (postures), pranayama (breathing techniques), and guided relaxation. Health indicators were measured at baseline, midpoint, and post-intervention. Paired t-tests and subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate changes over time. Results: Significant health improvements were observed following the intervention. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) reduced by 10 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 6 mmHg (p < .05). Body mass index (BMI) declined by 0.6 kg/m², perceived stress scores (PSS) dropped by 6.5 points, and psychological well-being (WHO-5 index) improved by 5.3 points. Urban participants exhibited slightly greater improvements, potentially linked to higher baseline stress and better adherence. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the effectiveness of yoga as a community-level intervention for improving cardiovascular and mental health. Given its low cost and cultural relevance, yoga could serve as an integrative component of public health strategies in Punjab and similar settings.
Punjab, Public health, Rural-urban health disparities, Community yoga, Hypertension, Stress, Mental health
Language & Linguistics In Yoga: An Ancient Indian Science And Traditional Knowledge System For Health, Wellbeing And Sustainable Development
Yoga, often recognized as a physical and meditative discipline, is deeply embedded in a rich linguistic and philosophical tradition. The Sanskrit language and its associated linguistic structures serve not merely as a medium but as an integral part of yogic transmission and practice. Yoga, in its broadest and deepest sense, is far more than a system of physical postures or a wellness practice; it is a spiritual, philosophical, and psychological discipline rooted in the ancient scriptures of India. The philosophical term Darshana is analysed to situate yoga within the six schools of Indian thought, while Dharma is shown to be a prerequisite path to Moksha through disciplined practice. In contemporary discourse Yoga is often equated with physical postures (asanas), the classical and scriptural origins of yoga depict it as an all-encompassing path toward union with the divine, ultimate truth, or consciousness (Brahman). This research explores the linguistic dimensions of Yoga as an Indian ancient science and a traditional knowledge system (TKS) that contributes to physical health, psychological well-being, and sustainable development. This research highlights how the traditional knowledge of yoga aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in promoting mental health, quality education, and responsible consumption of cultural heritage. This research proposes that language and linguistics are not peripheral but central to the functioning and dissemination of Yoga as a holistic system that addresses human well-being and environmental harmony.
Language, Linguistics, Yoga, Ancient Indian Science, Traditional Knowledge System, Health, Wellbeing, Sustainable Development